Think about the last time you were walking in an old-growth forest.

Remember that smell of the fresh forest air, the calming sound of birds, the serene backdrop of leaves gently swaying on the wind, and the sun’s rays peeking through the lush canopy? Remember how with each step you took, you could feel the twigs and branches crunching and your feet sinking into the soil sponge of old fallen leaves?

Well, what you saw, heard, and felt was only half of the story. Underneath your feet, there was a vast fungal network that has a mind of its own. It’s so pervasive that just the imprint of your foot, extending down into the soil, contains enough fungal cells to stretch 300 miles (480km!) if placed end to end.

It goes mostly unnoticed, but you can see hints of this sentient network if you look under logs lying on the forest ground. The fuzzy, cobweb-like growths you can find there are called mycelium, a fine web of cells that, in one phase of its lifecycle, fruit the mushrooms we all easily spot.

This overall fungal network has been called nature’s Internet or the ‘Wood Wide Web’. Like the Internet, it has a network-like design, where individual fungal cells merge together to form what Paul Stamets would call a neurological network of nature; a network that, like the human brain, is aware and reacts to change, but unlike ourselves, has the long-term health of the host environment in mind.

Today, with ever-increasing technological progress and deforestation, we are dismantling the neurological network of nature at an accelerated pace and, thus, in a sense, destroying our life-support ecosystems.

Sadly, we humans show little respect to the elders we owe our existence. In what way, you may ask? Keep reading; this will blow your mind.

Fungi – the architects of our existence

Fungi are ancient organisms. They inhabited the earth billions of years before humans ever came into existence. In fact, you, I, and all humans and animals alive today originate from fungi. It’s not just that we share a common ancestor with fungi. They are the common ancestor from which all animals (hey, that’s us) came to be. But wait, there’s more…

The kingdom of plants was, and still is, totally dependent on fungi. The first plants to make the transition from the sea to land some 450 million years ago did so without roots, relying totally on fungi to bring nutrients and water for growth. Moreover, as you’ll learn today, millions of years later, most plants still rely on their fungal partners.

So, to say that fungi are important to all the complex life on earth is an understatement. They are pivotal! We know today that fungi are the grand architects of our environment and, consequently, our existence. They are creating the landscape and engineering our ecosystem for all other organisms to live. Here’s what I mean…

Fungi are generally multi-cellular organisms with a nucleus and a single cell wall made of chitin, and, like all other organisms, they are on the constant lookout for food. They obtain their nourishment by sending strand-like parts of their body, called hyphae, directly into their food, secreting chemicals to break it down into simpler molecules and then absorbing the juice directly into their cells.

The body of a fungus is made of many such threads of hyphae, collectively called mycelium. So, the mycelium is, in essence, a fusion between a stomach and a brain. It’s aware of its surroundings and responsive to changes in its environment as it searches for food.

But, since It’s just one cell wall thick and in direct contact with a myriad of hostile organisms, it constantly produces strong antibiotic and antiviral compounds to protect itself and ensure its existence. You’ve heard about penicillin, right? Well, that’s the fungus protecting itself from bacteria…

So, by selecting the microbiome of bacteria and other organisms in its surroundings, the mycelium network is creating the habitat and setting the stage for an ecological evolution. First, the selected microbes feed the plants, and then plants feed the animals, and, finally, humans get the whole ecosystem services served on a plate.

Ultimately, the mycelium prepares its immediate environment for its benefit but creates the entire soil food web, with trillions upon trillions of critters that consume organic matter and each other releasing nutrients that fuel mycelium growth, plants, animals, and the entire ecosystem. I told you this was going to blow your mind…

That’s why, if you want to engage in any landscape regeneration, you’ll need help from fungi. In this post, you’ll learn how to work harmoniously with them to establish your thriving food forest.

First, however, let’s consider the fungi you’ll need…

Types of fungi you’ll need in your food forest

We place fungi into four basic categories: saprophytic (decomposing), parasitic, mycorrhizal, and endophytic, depending on how they nourish themselves. But, some species employ more than one strategy, making them difficult to categorize.

Although parasitic and endophytic fungi play an essential role in plant and ecosystem health, in this guide, I will concentrate on the benefits of decomposing and mycorrhizal fungi since we can cultivate them easily and understand them far better than the other two categories.

Decomposing fungi: nature’s recyclers

Decomposing fungi are those we humans primarily cultivate. You are probably already familiar with many gourmet and medicinal mushrooms, such as shiitake, oyster, reishi, lion’s mane, and chaga, to name but a few. Very tasty and healthy indeed, thank you fungi!

These fungi are wood decomposers and generally operate on the soil surface. So, when organic matter falls from the canopy of trees and plants overhead onto the forest floor, the decomposers that are in the soil and on the surface process this newly available food.

From dead plants, these fungi recycle carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and minerals into nutrients for living plants, insects, and other organisms sharing that habitat. They play a key role in the operations of soil food webs.

Building soils is the primary outcome of the activities of these saprophytic fungi. They create brown rot, remaining of the wood, which acts as a nutrient sponge that holds a wealth of roots, microbes, insects, and water. Remember that sponge-like topsoil when you were in the forest? That’s it!

We’ll work in partnership with these fungi to kick-start the entire process of landscape regeneration and soil creation on your land…

Mycorrhizal fungi: fungus and plant partnerships

Next up are the soil fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi work in unison with the root systems of almost every plant on our planet. Some 80-95% of all terrestrial plants form symbiotic relationships with these fungi. Without these mycorrhizal relationships, most plants would probably not exist. Let that sink in for a second…

In these relationships, the host plants supply the mycorrhizal fungi carbon-rich sugars – the product of plant photosynthesis – and, in return, the fungi decompose plant litter and soil pools (soil particles, rocks…) to help roots obtain the water and nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen, trace minerals) that the plants require.

As these fungi grow into the soil, their long-threaded hyphae extend in all directions, creating a fungal network that enables a plant’s roots to access 100,000 times more soil than it would be able on its own. All the plants in the local environment can tap into this mycorrhizal network. The fungi mastermind the whole scenario by redistributing nutrients where they are most needed and even giving plants the ability to communicate with each other via this biological communication network.

Every plant involved in this mycorrhizal relationship is better able to supply its nutrients and withstand drought and other environmental stresses, root pathogens, and other diseases. Mycorrhizae also improve soil structure and give it porosity, aeration, water retention, and, ultimately, a platform for a diverse range of life forms.

Mycorrhizal fungi are commonly divided into two groups according to how the fungal cells associate with plant cells, namely endomycorrhizal (the hyphae of fungi penetrate the cell wall) and ectomycorrhizal (the hyphae of fungi do not penetrate all the way through the cell wall). Now pay attention here. This is important; here’s what I mean.

The endomycorrhizal (endo) type most often associate with the roots of vegetables, grasses, flowers, shrubs, and fruit and ornamental trees: some 95% of all plants in the world are compatible with these fungi. The largest functioning group is the arbuscular type of mycorrhizae (AM), and these AM fungi are the ones you’ll need for the roots of your fruit trees and shrubs.

The ectomycorrhizae (EM) always work in partnership with woody plants, generally trees, primarily with conifers, but also some deciduous trees such as oaks. Only around 5% of terrestrial plants form ectomycorrhizal associations. Many of the EM fungi are mushroom-forming species, including highly prized edibles such as chanterelles, morels and matsutake, and truffles. These are the fungi you’ll need for your nut trees.

Okay, so now you understand why fungi are important, so why would you ever try to establish a food forest without your fungal friends? Right, let’s look at some practical steps to introducing and working with them on your land…

How to use native fungi as your ally in your food forest – the forest fungi protocol

The dream of a food forest and an abundance of food from a healthy, self-sustaining, low-maintenance stand of trees and shrubs is impossible without fungi. No food forest is complete without our fungal partners.

Our goal with a food forest is to imitate nature and how trees and shrubs grow in the wild. Currently, what most of us do is successfully imitate the structure of a forest edge with trees, shrubs, and other perennials of varying heights planted in guilds. But that’s only half of the story.

What is as important as imitating the structure right is replicating what takes place in the forest soil with the fungi and the rest of the soil food web. While we won’t neglect the rest of the microbes, here we’ll primarily be focused on fungi since, according to Michael Phillips, who wrote The Holistic Orchard, the food forest soil ideally contains ten times more fungi than bacteria.

So, in the process of reintroducing the fungi to our land, we’re going to observe what nature is already doing and mimic, amplify, and repeat it in our food forest and, in a sense, help nature reclaim what it lost.

The quickest and easiest way to succeed in introducing fungi into your soil is to use native fungi from your local ecosystem. Think about it, they are already there in your neighborhood, and it would anyway be only a matter of time before they would arrive on your land – so why not give them a head start?

But more importantly, as Peter McCoy would say, local strains of fungi show local resilience, and they are well adapted to your climate and to the habitat that’s teeming with competitors (remember the engineering the microbiome thing from the introduction?). By introducing them we are working with the natural tendencies of the land.

Okay, so, with that in mind, here are the steps you need to take to successfully transplant and grow native fungi on your land:

Step 1. Do the site prep work, earthworks, and cover-cropping to start creating favorable fungal conditions (shade, moisture, food).

Step 2. Investigate your local forest and find sources of decomposing and mycorrhizal fungi you can use to inoculate your food forest soil.

Step 3. Introduce the saprophytic fungi to your land to kick-start the fungal activity and soil creation process.

Step 4. Introduce the mycorrhizal fungi to create a sentient underground network that will help your food forest plants to grow and thrive.

Step 5. Make a compost tea from healthy forest soil and spread it all over to bring other native microorganisms that will help fungi and plants grow.

Step 6. Keep adding woody debris in the form of mulch, logs, and hugelbeds to feed the fungi and ensure good growing conditions.

Right, so let’s begin!

Step 1. Do the site prep work, earthworks, and cover cropping so that you start creating favourable fungal conditions (shade, moisture, food)

Now, depending on your site conditions, your overall fungi strategy might vary, but here I’ll just assume that you’re starting from scratch, with bare land, a pasture or a depleted cornfield.

Bacteria dominate bare land and disturbed soils (if there is any biology left after the years of abuse, that is), and you’ll want to start the transition towards a more fungal-dominated soil by creating a more fungi-friendly environment.

Fungi need shade, air, moisture, and food; even before they are introduced into the system, you want to start establishing favourable fungal conditions. At this stage, you can do that by earthworks (if necessary) and cover cropping.

You see, some subsurface flow of moisture, even if it is only occasional, goes a long way in fueling the mycelium and, of course, plant growth. Water propels fungal lifecycles and plant photosynthesis, drought stress shuts down overall plant and fungi metabolism, and subsequent carbon trading between them. That’s definitely not what you want…

Some sort of earthworks might be necessary to slow, spread and sink that water so it doesn’t just run off to your neighbor’s place before infiltrating into the soil and fueling that fungi growth. If you can’t perform any earthworks, at minimum, what you can do is to set up some drip irrigation systems.

Now, as you’re performing earthworks or some soil disturbance, what follows naturally when soil is exposed is the spreading seed of cover crops. Cover crops will help reduce the competition from unwanted plants, improve the soil, and help with the fungal progression.

So, following your initial soil disturbance, either by earthworks or just by tillage, stir in a mix of oats, red clover, and tillage radish. This recipe comes from Michael Phillips’ new book the Mycorrhizal Planet, and as he explains, oats serve as biomass and a nurse crop in sheltering the smaller clover seedlings. Tillage radish increases soil’s organic matter content and drills deep to take up its share of the space between clover plants, while red clover fixes nitrogen and has a strong affinity for mycorrhizal fungi.

The cover crops are here performing several important roles. By cutting or leaving them in place to decompose, we’re building organic matter, and clover root systems are in place, improving the soil fertility and waiting for their mycorrhizal friends to arrive. Also, by introducing plants of various heights, we are creating favorable growing conditions for fungi above ground by providing shade, with humidity levels increasing nearer to the ground.

Step 2. Investigate your local forest and find sources of decomposing and mycorrhizal fungi you can use to inoculate your food forest soil

Okay, so now when you’re improving your soil and have to wait, use the time to go to your local or regional forest and survey it for native fungi species. These fungi and other resident microbes living in the soil are nature’s recommendations for your food forest soil restoration. 

For this entire process of introducing the fungi from the wild, you’ll have to learn how to find, transplant, and then nurture wild spawn or mycelium. You can grow wild spawn by transplanting wild patches of mycelium, germinating mushroom spores, and regrowing stem butts. We are searching for all three plus the rest of the soil food web team…

Putting this into context for your food forest and the type of fungi you’ll need. Specifically you’re looking for:

• decomposing woody plant litter on the ground – this will be your source of decomposing fungi
• wild fruit trees growing in the forest or on the forest edge – the soil around these trees is infused with the mycelium and spores of arbuscular mycorrhiza – for your fruit trees
• big old forest trees with fruiting mushrooms underneath – the soil around these trees is infused with the mycelium of ectomycorrhiza fungi plus mushrooms are full of spores – for your nut trees
• a healthy stand of forest soil – this spongy, leafy, humus-rich layer is filled with the soil microbes that you’ll need for the compost tea

Decomposing fungi are easy to find in a forest. Almost anything on the forest floor is subject to these decomposition fungi. Practically any fallen tree or piece of wood lying on the ground for a few months will host mycelium in it or on the underside and, in all likelihood, inside the wood. 

The mycelium of these fungi pulps the wood over time, slowly digesting its primary components, lignin, and cellulose. Now, identifying mycelium without its mushroom is difficult. Still, you can be confident if you find a pile of decomposing wood on the forest floor and dig into it, you’ve found your decomposing fungi spawn.

Mycorrhizal fungi are soil fungi. While we might find their mycelium beneath fallen logs, or indeed in piles of leaves or wood twigs and chips, to be sure you obtain your mycorrhizal, you need to look for specific types of plants and geographic locations that might have these symbiotic fungi.

Here, we again have to make a clear distinction between endo and ecto mycorrhizal fungi since each is more suitable for symbiosis with a different types of trees. The roots of fruit trees are considered to be entirely endo; arbuscular (AM), while nut trees are mostly ecto (EM), so that’s why we can’t just grab any mycorrhizae.

For your AM, the ones for your fruit trees, there’s no better place to go and find your appropriate inoculum than healthy fruit trees in a wild setting. If you can’t find a wild fruit tree, a forest-edge ecosystem with berries, goldenrod, meadowsweet, and the like will feature a diverse mix of suitable fungi.

AM fungi reproduce asexually below ground by producing spores, so you won’t find any mushrooms above ground. But, by digging some 4 inches (10 cm) deep, you’ll be gathering spores and hyphae fragments, and that’s the soil duff you’re looking for…

Unlike AM fungi, most EM fungi, the ones for your nut trees, reproduce sexually via fruiting bodies: mushrooms, puffballs, and truffles, making them easier to spot and obtain the spores and wild spawn.

To find your sources of ectomycorrhizal fungi, look for a healthy stand of big old hardwood or conifer trees. Think deciduous if your nut trees will shed leaves, and think coniferous if your nut trees are evergreen. If the mushroom conditions are right, you’ll probably find fruiting mushrooms there. If not, then simply scraping the ground, again some 4 inches (10 cm) deep, will provide you with hyphae fragments.

Finally, you’ll also find your healthy living soil containing other soil food web microorganisms in this stand of big old healthy forest trees. This is the soil that hasn’t been disturbed for a long time. Just a few scoops of this soil should be enough to make the compost tea later.

With that, you’re ready to start bringing fungi to your future food forest site…

Step 3. Introduce the saprophytic fungi to your land to kick-start the fungal activity and soil-creation process

Okay, so in the last step, you’ve found your sources of decomposing fungi in the nearby forest. As discussed, almost anything on the forest floor is subject to these decomposition fungi.

By bringing this decomposing wood (logs and branches) that’s infused with wild spawn and fruiting mushrooms onto the site, you’re inoculating your site with decomposing fungi and starting to rejuvenate your land.

You see, in forested land, after catastrophes strike, the saprophytes (the decomposing fungi) lead the way toward renewal by supporting the construction of complex life-supporting soils. These fungi decompose and recycle dead wood, building humus and freeing up nutrients locked in the wood, making them available to the rest of the soil food web – bacteria, protozoa, insects, plants, animals, and mycorrhizal fungi.

By recycling woody debris and creating the soil, these pioneering fungi are setting the stage for all other subsequent generations of organisms. Once other organisms enter the landscape and become engaged in the soil, nature will steer the habitat toward self-healing.

Here we want to emulate that process; your land is stressed, once it was a forest, but now it needs rejuvenation. By bringing the inoculated woody debris and encouraging selected saprophytes in this stressed terrain, you’re creating a favorable environment for the rest of the soil food web organisms and also building organic matter in soil that helps to improve moisture absorption, bolster disease resistance, and reduce erosion…

According to Paul Stamets, the best saprophytic fungi for helping an injured (forest) ecosystem recover are turkey tails, woodlovers, oysters, garden giants, and psilocybes (yes, magic mushrooms!). If, like me, you live in a temperate climate, these will be your go-to decomposing fungi species. They love bacteria and attract them as these mushrooms start to fruit. They grow with so much vigor that they suppress any unwanted parasitic invaders by occupying their niche, thus protecting and benefiting your food forest growth.

Saprophytic fungi growing in the wild are some of the easiest to recognize and transplant. The only problem is acquiring enough of the woody debris infused with mycelium. Obviously, there is a lot of debris in the woods, but you’ll need piles of the stuff.

What I do is every time I’m in the forest gathering my firewood, I make a huge pile of leftover branches, cut through the pile multiple times with my chainsaw to make them smaller, more digestible, and quicker to decompose, and then leave them there on the floor to become ‘infected’ with fungi for at least 2 years. After a while, the pile will decompose, the branches will start to crumble, and you’ll obtain your perfect inoculant filled with saprophytic and even mycorrhizal fungi.

Once you have the mycelium of the saprophytic fungi on your site, it’s all about giving it a new, friendly environment – something I’ll discuss in greater detail in Step 6. Before that, however, let’s introduce mycorrhizal fungi and the rest of the forest flora and fauna.

Step 4. Introduce the mycorrhizal fungi to create a sentient underground network that will help your food forest plants grow and thrive

Okay, so now you have decomposing fungi working the surface, decomposing the woody material, kick-starting the fungal activity, and paving the way for the rest of the fungi and microbes.

Now you should start introducing the mycorrhizal fungi into the soil to create that sentient network that will help your plants with an increased uptake of nutrients, resistance to drought, and resistance to root pathogens… All that good stuff you are not otherwise getting.

The hyphae of these fungi – compared to decomposing fungi, which generally operate on the surface – grow long distances underground, wherever there is food and wherever there are plant roots. It’s so pervasive underground that it can connect all of your plants into a single mycelial network, allowing communication between the plants. That’s what we are aiming for…

These fungi can make up as much as 50% of the microbial mass in a given volume of soil. Their presence not just helps plants to thrive but it also greatly improves the soil organic matter content, soil aggregation, aeration, and drainage.

Let’s now look at the different ways of introducing these fungi to your food forest, again paying special attention to AM and EM fungi, since they connect to different types of trees: AM with fruit trees, EM with nut trees.

Inoculation with wild spawn — the easiest method — for both AM or EM fungi

The easiest way of transplanting mycelium is to scoop it up from your “secret location” in the forest and move it to your food forest. If you place the transplanted mycelium, so-called virgin spawn, into contact with the right mixture of materials, they will regrow, expanding the colony. Again, AM and EM have different preferences, so make sure to match them to fruit trees and nut trees, respectively.

It doesn’t take much soil to introduce these hyphae fragments into the ground back home. Michael Phillips recommends one scoop of soil duff per tree or shrub will do, whether at the time of planting or tucked near roots beneath a recently mulched tree.

Inoculation with mushrooms and mushroom spores — for EM fungi

This is a method for inoculating your nut trees with EM fungi, and it’s relatively easy for a beginner. Here, you collect the fruiting bodies, such as mushrooms, of EM fungi from your nearby forest and use them as propagules, either by using their spores diluted in water or the whole fruiting body.

So pick your mushrooms, remove the spore-bearing surfaces from the fruiting bodies, crush them, and immerse them in water and some clay. Thousands of spores will be washed off, resulting in rich inoculum for your nut tree seedlings. A spore-mass slurry from a single mushroom, diluted in a 5-gallon (20 l) bucket of water, can inoculate a hundred or more seedlings. Hint: you can also use the same slurry to inoculate your seeds.

Tossing spores using water as a carrier on the ground above the root zones of an already-established tree is another method that takes little time and effort. Moreover, if you really can’t be bothered with making the spore slurry, the simplest, but maybe not the most effective, way of inoculating would be to cut the fruiting bodies into small pieces and mix them into the soil when you’re planting your trees.

Inoculation with cultivated root fragments – for AM fungi

In this method, which admittedly requires a bit of practice and knowledge, you’re going to cultivate the AM fungi. But, you’re going to take the soil containing spores or the mycelium you found in the wild, grow it in a pot throughout the season, and then harvest the roots and the mycelium at the end of the season. These colonized root fragments are the inoculant you apply to your fruit trees the following year.

Since AM fungi are generalists and associated with the vast majority of plants in the world, you don’t need any expensive tree nursery type of operation to cultivate them. You take your soil containing wild spawn or spores of AM fungi, mix it with compost and vermiculate, and add non-woody perennial host plants such as bahiagrass or annual rye.

These grasses are ideal because they develop fibrous roots that fungi can colonize, and they aren’t winter-hardy. Therefore, if you prepare your pots in springtime and allow enough time for fungi to colonize the roots, by wintertime, you’ll have your colonized root fragment ready to harvest, plus the perennial grasses will die off once the winter chill strikes them.

You can find the whole procedure for On-Farm Production of Inoculum of Mycorrhizal Fungi from Rodale Institute here.

Now, let’s see how to bring the rest of the soil food web team on board…

Step 5. Make a compost tea from healthy forest soil and spread it all over to bring other native microorganisms that will help fungi and plants grow.

Your healthy food forest soil requires the presence of the whole soil food web. Fungi are an integral part of it, and they are keystone species, but the picture is incomplete without bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, microarthropods… The role and function of all those organisms are essential for nutrient cycling and growing plants. 

In addition, certain EM mushrooms won’t grow without their microflora. People usually try to grow truffles, chanterelles, maitakes, etc. but fail because the newly introduced mushrooms lack their bacterial associates. Consequently, if you want to grow truffles with those hazels, inoculated roots are only half of the story…

Okay, up until now, in your food forest, you should have decomposing fungi on the surface and a slowly expanding mycorrhizal network underground. Now let’s see how to bring other organisms into the mix. Fungi are at their most animated when bacteria join the food forest party, but overall, we can say that the more diverse the food web, the more diverse the fungal diet, and thus the healthier the soil.

You don’t have to go far or think too much about where you’re going to find this massive diversity of microorganisms that your plants and fungi need. Instead, you’re simply going to use the healthy forest soil you found in Step 2 and make yourself a compost tea out of it. Think of compost tea as liquid fertilizer and an inoculant.

By brewing and spreading compost tea across your site and around your planted trees, you’ll be inoculating the ground with the indigenous microbes and helping fungi and plants grow. This is a simple yet brilliant means to distribute diversity further and help nurture your food forest.

Making compost tea requires a compost brewer. In short, if you want to make an aerated compost tea, you’ll need some bucket, an air pump, a mesh bag for containing the forest soil, and a food source for your microbes (humic acid, seaweed, fish hydrolysate, molasses…). You fill the bucket with water, place the mesh bag inside, turn on the pump, and add the food source. This then starts the process of aeration and multiplication of the micro-organisms.

Once you’re done, wait for 24h, and you’ll have compost tea ready to be applied. To learn more about how to make compost tea, I recommend that you watch this video.

Also, don’t forget that you can grow your fungal compost from this forest soil. This way, you be ensured of a perfect inoculum of indigenous organisms and an almost endless supply of composted soil for the compost tea.

By putting the forest soil into a compost pile and giving the microbes the right type of foods (10% nitrogen material, 30% green material, 60% brown material) you’ll be multiplying the resident forest microflora and fauna in both volume and number. Plus, you don’t have to go to the forest every time you need to brew a compost tea…

All right, now for the grand finale and making sure the fungi are here to stay for a long time…

Step 6. Keep adding woody debris in the form of mulch, logs, and hugelbeds to feed the fungi and ensure good growing conditions.

Now you’ve come full circle. In Step 1, you started with creating a fungal-friendly environment with cover crops, and we’ll now close the loop in this step. The primary goal with early cover cropping was to get more organic matter in place (food and nutrients for fungi) and to prep the soil for trees and their mycorrhizal partners.

The secondary goal was to create a microclimate of shade and increased moisture for the decomposing fungi that live on the surface and other fruiting mycorrhizal mushrooms. Perennial grasses, with their long vertical shoots, provide shade right above the ground, and the stems act as conduits for collecting condensation, sending water droplets to the soil level where mushrooms like to form.

Now that we’ve introduced the decomposing and mycorrhizal fungi and the rest of the resident forest micro-organisms, it’s time to keep feeding them and promoting the environment they need to flourish. You can keep cutting your cover crops and leaving them to decompose in situ, but that’s not enough for fungi. For them to grow, you should keep adding woody debris in the form of wood chips, logs, and hugelbeds.

Our goal is to create fungal duff, that litter layer where mineralization and humification take place. In essence, you want to emulate the forest floor conditions with natural twigs, logs, and leaf fall all around. This is what fungi need in terms of both food and those favorable conditions of shade and moisture.

Now, whether you use whole or fragmented wood will affect the rate at which nutrients return to the soil. For example, fungal mycelium quickly consumes wood chips, whereas logs decompose much more slowly. But you want both, and in-between, variably sized fragments will let mycelium quickly grab and invade the wood and act as mulch, and wood fragments with greater surface areas are more likely to have contact with spores or mycelium and also can be buried underground.

First, the mulch layer: the ideal mulch, according to Michael Phillips, is the ramial chipped wood, i.e., twigs of wood that are less than 7cm in diameter coming from deciduous trees and woody shrubs. This is going to be the main course for feeding mycorrhizal and saprophytic fungi and a great means of creating the increased shade and moisture conditions they need.

You can put down anywhere from 2-8in (5-20cm) deep of these woodchips and create “shade” for fungi and, of course, suppress unwanted competing plant species. Suffice ito say, young trees will love you for helping them to reduce the competition from weeds. Nonetheless, be careful not to go overboard and pile mulch too deeply, as this suffocates aerobic fungi, the fungi we’re trying to grow.

Now with your log layer on the surface, it’s hard to go overboard. Keep bringing logs and bigger branches from the nearby forest, or use the leftovers from maintaining your food forest and getting the firewood. Just be careful not to obstruct your access within the food forest.

Leave them sticking out everywhere, put them in the tree row, or use them to make contour beds that catch the organic matter runoff. In so doing, you’re creating different microclimates and random places for the wildlife to stick around and help you out with pest control. If that wasn’t enough, you might get some fruiting mushrooms…

Also, burying logs or woody debris and thus creating hugelbeds is a great way to promote fungi growth and soil creation. This creates substantial pockets of organic matter where fungi will prosper for years.

The wood in the soil is like a sponge and acts as water storage. This is incredibly important in drier periods, but fungi and other microbes need moisture for decomposition and their metabolism. So conditions for all sorts of fungi are ideal, and, over the ensuing years, fungi will digest the wood and provide a constant source of water, nutrients, and warmth to plant roots.

With that, you’ve provided the fungi with their food and favorable conditions so they can flourish and ultimately help you have that low-maintenance abundant food forest you always dreamt of.

Take Action! (Get your free Forest Fungi Protocol)

Using fungi as a tool for ecological restoration is a relatively new concept borrowed from the age-old methods of nature. Today, we know that the strength and health of any ecosystem is a direct measure of its diverse fungal populations and their interplay with plants, insects, bacteria, and other organisms.

With this guide, I wanted to create a protocol that mimics or replicates what forested land would do after some sort of catastrophe, i.e., how it would heal itself, but, of course, all of this is applied to a food forest out in the open sun. So, in summary:

1. We started the whole process by having the right conditions in mind. Fungi need shade, moisture, and food, and we’ve started to create these beneficial conditions for both the fungi and the trees with some earthworks and cover cropping.

2. We found local strains of fungi and other microorganisms in the nearby forest that you can cultivate and use to inoculate your food forest soil. You don’t have to reinvent anything, do what nature does and use what nature would in your local ecosystem restoration.

3. First, we introduced the saprophytic fungi to your land; these are easiest to recognize and transplant (think fallen logs in the forest). Introducing these pioneering fungi will begin soil creation and trigger a cascade of activity by other organisms.

4. Following this, we introduced the mycorrhizal fungi to the system, whether by using wild spawns, spores, mushrooms, or cultivated root fragments. Once in the ground, these fungi will improve the soil and help your plants grow and distribute the nutrients and water where they’re needed the most.

5. Next, we made a compost tea brew to bring other symbiotic organisms to help fungi and plants grow. Fungi will grow better if you bring the rest of the forest soil microbes, especially bacteria. The most effective way to do this is to brew some compost tea and spread it everywhere.

6. Finally, we continue to promote the fungal environment with woody debris. With everything in place and your food forest growing, you need to keep adding woody debris in the form of wood chips, logs, hugelbeds if you want to keep the fungal biomass growing.

There you have it. That’s how you partner with fungi to help your food forest grow!

Let me know your thoughts on the protocol in the comments section below.